Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health condition marked by extreme mood shifts that range from emotional high known as mania or hypomania to emotional lows, or depression. These episodes can significantly affect energy, sleep, behavior, judgment, and clear thinking. Mania is typically more intense than hypomania, often leading to severe impairment or even psychotic symptoms, while hypomania presents in a milder form.
During depressive episodes, individuals may experience hopelessness, loss of interest in activities, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. In contrast, manic or hypomanic episodes can bring feelings of euphoria, increased energy, rapid speech, impulsive decision-making, and a decreased need for sleep. Mood changes can happen rarely or several times a year, and while some people have stable periods between episodes, others may experience rapid or mixed mood states.
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition but can be effectively managed with a combination of medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle adjustments. It can develop at any age, though diagnosis most often occurs during adolescence or early adulthood. The exact cause is unknown, but factors such as genetics, brain chemistry, certain medications, substance use, and medical conditions like multiple sclerosis or thyroid disease can play a role.
Types of Bipolar Disorder:
- Bipolar I Disorder – At least one manic episode, possibly with depressive or hypomanic episodes; mania may include psychosis.
- Bipolar II Disorder – At least one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode, without full manic episodes.
- Cyclothymia – Chronic fluctuations between hypomanic and depressive symptoms for at least two years (one year in children/adolescents), with symptoms less severe than major depression.
Common Symptoms of Mania or Hypomania:
- Increased energy, activity, or restlessness
- Inflated self-esteem or unrealistic confidence
- Reduced need for sleep
- Rapid or excessive talking
- Racing thoughts or easily shifting focus
- Poor judgment, risky behavior, or impulsive spending
Bipolar disorder often coexists with other mental health or physical conditions, such as anxiety disorders, ADHD, PTSD, substance use disorders, migraines, thyroid issues, or cardiovascular disease. These comorbidities can worsen symptoms or complicate treatment, making comprehensive, integrated care essential for long-term stability and quality of life.
According to The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
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